Berita

Carut-Marut Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial Awak Kapal di Indonesia: Tantangan Regulasi dan Praktik

17/01/2025
adi rahmat

Indonesia, sebagai negara maritim dengan ribuan awak kapal yang terlibat dalam pelayaran domestik dan internasional, terus dihadapkan pada persoalan pelik terkait penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial awak kapal. Alih-alih mendapatkan solusi yang cepat, efektif, dan efisien, tumpang tindih kewenangan antar-lembaga, perbedaan penafsiran regulasi, serta keterbatasan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa justru semakin memperumit keadaan.

Kementerian Perhubungan: Klaim Kewenangan Berbasis Regulasi Maritim

Kementerian Perhubungan (Kemenhub) secara historis merasa memiliki otoritas utama dalam menangani masalah ketenagakerjaan awak kapal. Argumen ini didasarkan pada sejumlah regulasi, di antaranya:

  1. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD), yang mengatur perjanjian kerja laut (PKL).
  2. Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran, yang menetapkan tanggung jawab syahbandar sebagai otoritas pelabuhan dalam hal administrasi pelayaran.
  3. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 2000 tentang Kepelautan, yang menempatkan Kemenhub sebagai pembina dan pengawas pendidikan, pelatihan, serta sertifikasi pelaut.
  4. Undang-Undang Nomor 66 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Ketiga Undang-Undang Pelayaran, yang melalui penjelasan Pasal 337, secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa ketenagakerjaan awak kapal tunduk pada KUHD dan UU Pelayaran.

Dalam kerangka ini, Kemenhub berkeyakinan bahwa masalah perselisihan hubungan industrial awak kapal, khususnya yang menyangkut PKL, adalah domain mereka. Tambahan pula, sebagai administrator Organisasi Maritim Internasional (IMO) di Indonesia, Kemenhub merasa memiliki legitimasi lebih kuat untuk menangani masalah awak kapal.

Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA) No. 02 Tahun 2024: Ketentuan Peralihan ke UU Ketenagakerjaan

Namun, klaim tersebut berbenturan dengan perkembangan hukum nasional. Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA) No. 02 Tahun 2024 mengatur bahwa dalam hal suatu perkara tidak diatur secara khusus dalam KUHD dan UU Pelayaran, maka pengaturan hukum ketenagakerjaan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (sebagaimana telah diubah menjadi UU Cipta Kerja) harus dijadikan acuan. Lebih jauh, SEMA tersebut menegaskan bahwa Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial (PHI) memiliki kewenangan untuk mengadili perselisihan yang berkaitan dengan PKL.

Ketentuan ini menimbulkan kebingungan di lapangan, terutama karena proses pengajuan gugatan ke PHI memerlukan Surat Anjuran dari mediator hubungan industrial di dinas ketenagakerjaan. Surat Anjuran adalah syarat administratif yang tidak dapat dikeluarkan oleh syahbandar atau Mahkamah Pelayaran, meskipun kedua institusi tersebut memiliki kewenangan mediasi sebagaimana diatur dalam UU Pelayaran yang baru.

Masalah Penambahan Kewenangan Mahkamah Pelayaran

Dengan berlakunya UU No. 66 Tahun 2024, Mahkamah Pelayaran diberikan tambahan fungsi untuk memediasi perselisihan PKL antara awak kapal dan perusahaan pelayaran. Namun, wewenang ini terbatas pada mediasi semata, tanpa kemampuan untuk menerbitkan Surat Anjuran seperti yang dilakukan mediator ketenagakerjaan di Dinas Ketenagakerjaan.

Hal ini menciptakan dilema baru:

  1. Jika mediasi di Mahkamah Pelayaran tidak berhasil, para pihak tetap harus melibatkan mediator hubungan industrial untuk mendapatkan Surat Anjuran.
  2. Proses berlapis ini memperpanjang waktu penyelesaian sengketa, bertentangan dengan prinsip efisiensi dalam penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial.
  3. Tanpa kewenangan untuk menerbitkan Surat Anjuran, fungsi Mahkamah Pelayaran menjadi kurang efektif sebagai mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang mandiri.

Kegagalan Mencapai Penyelesaian yang Cepat dan Efektif

Dalam praktiknya, tumpang tindih kewenangan ini justru memperburuk situasi. Awak kapal yang menghadapi sengketa dengan perusahaan pelayaran kerap terjebak dalam proses birokrasi yang panjang dan melelahkan. Alih-alih mendapatkan keadilan secara cepat, mereka justru harus melewati proses mediasi berulang di Syahbandar atau  Mahkamah Pelayaran dan Dinas Ketenagakerjaan sebelum bisa mengajukan gugatan ke PHI.

Akibatnya, tujuan dari penambahan fungsi Mahkamah Pelayaran dalam UU No. 66 Tahun 2024 sebagai mekanisme alternatif penyelesaian sengketa belum tercapai. Penyelesaian yang diharapkan cepat, efektif, dan efisien masih jauh dari kenyataan.

Solusi yang Diperlukan

  1. Sinkronisasi Regulasi: Pemerintah perlu menyelaraskan regulasi terkait ketenagakerjaan awak kapal, termasuk KUHD, UU Pelayaran, UU Ketenagakerjaan, dan regulasi pelaksanaannya.
  2. Perluasan Kewenangan Mahkamah Pelayaran: Agar lebih efektif, Mahkamah Pelayaran harus diberi kewenangan untuk menerbitkan Surat Anjuran, sehingga proses mediasi tidak perlu dilakukan berulang di dinas ketenagakerjaan.
  3. Peningkatan Kapasitas dan Transparansi: Peran syahbandar dan pengawasan Kemenhub harus ditingkatkan untuk memastikan keadilan bagi awak kapal yang terlibat sengketa industrial.
  4. Pendidikan dan Pendampingan: Awak kapal perlu dibekali pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang hak dan kewajiban mereka, termasuk mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa.

Kesimpulan

Carut-marut penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial awak kapal di Indonesia mencerminkan kelemahan dalam regulasi dan koordinasi antar-lembaga. Perubahan yang diusulkan dalam UU No. 66 Tahun 2024 hanya memberikan solusi parsial yang belum menjawab kebutuhan utama akan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang cepat, efektif, dan efisien. Perbaikan menyeluruh sangat dibutuhkan agar keadilan bagi awak kapal dapat benar-benar terwujud.

Dengan reformasi yang terintegrasi, diharapkan Indonesia mampu menjadi negara maritim yang tidak hanya kuat secara ekonomi, tetapi juga memberikan perlindungan maksimal bagi para awak kapal yang menjadi tulang punggung industri pelayaran.

399 thoughts on “Carut-Marut Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial Awak Kapal di Indonesia: Tantangan Regulasi dan Praktik”

  117. Hi there, I discolvered your web site by way of Google even as searching for a similar topic, your web
    site came up, it seems to be great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google
    bookmarks.
    Hi there, simkply bcame alert to your weblog thru Google,
    and located that iit is really informative. I am going to
    be carreful for brussels. I’ll appreciate if youu proceed this in future.
    A lot of people wll be benefited out of your writing.
    Cheers! https://Hallofgodsinglassi.Wordpress.com/

    Balas

  299. Шарики на день рождения с доставкой — это лучший способ украсить день рождения. Мы предлагаем красивые букеты из шаров для любого возраста. Гелиевые шары добавляют волшебства. Вы можете заказать доставку с доставкой на дом или в офис. Доставка возможна 24/7, поэтому вы получите шары точно к началу праздника. В нашем каталоге десятки вариантов гелиевых шаров. Можно выбрать любые формы и цвета. Мы предлагаем декор помещения под ключ — от идеи до монтажа. Команда профессионалов помогут создать уникальную атмосферу. Стоимость приятно удивит, а качество материалов гарантирует длительный эффект праздника. Для организаций доступны скидки и персональные условия. Напишите в мессенджер и получите консультацию. Гелиевые шарики с доставкой — это эмоции, которые запомнятся надолго!

    Balas

  300. https://myforexcashback.com/forex rebate, forex cashback is a financial tool created to give back a portion of spreads or commissions that traders normally pay to brokers. This model helps reduce overall trading expenses, helping traders maintain a more profitable cost structure, which is extremely beneficial for active traders. Rebates are generally credited automatically either per trade or by period, offering a stable added value. With the adoption of reliable cashback solutions, market participants can enhance their investment efficiency without altering their existing trading approach. The main step is picking a proven cashback partner, linking the trading account, and continuing to trade as usual. Numerous brokers work with rebate platforms, allowing traders to maintain their preferred platform while still getting valuable cashback credits. Forex cashback also provides transparency, giving access to detailed rebate history, making personal financial planning easier. A further advantage is that earnings accumulate regardless of market intensity, forming a steady supplementary return. Because cashback does not require changes in strategy, traders of all skill levels can utilize it effectively. High-frequency traders may generate sizeable monthly returns, strengthening the long-term robustness of their method. Within the dynamic forex landscape, any reduction in commissions becomes meaningful, making rebate services an approachable method to reduce costs. Choosing a reliable cashback provider guarantees clear terms, punctual credits, and consistent advantages, turning cashback into a vital part of an efficient trading environment.

    Balas

  301. https://myforexcashback.com/forex rebate, forex cashback represents a useful trading feature designed to return part of the trading costs that traders normally pay to brokers. This model helps reduce overall trading expenses, making each trade more cost-efficient, particularly for high-volume traders. Such cashback is usually delivered without additional actions either per trade or by period, ensuring a consistent monetary return. Through participating in forex rebate programs, traders can improve their ROI all while keeping their strategies unchanged. The key factor is choosing a trustworthy service, connecting the account and operating normally. Many brokers cooperate with cashback services, allowing traders to maintain their preferred platform yet benefiting from important cashback returns. Cashback structures support transparency, giving access to detailed rebate history, making budget management more predictable. An added benefit is accumulation of rebates even with smaller trade frequency, creating a passive addition to the trading balance. As cashback functions parallel to strategy, both beginners and professionals can benefit equally. High-frequency traders may generate sizeable monthly returns, further improving the long-term sustainability of their trading approach. Across today’s global forex market, each decrease in trading expense is valuable, with rebate systems being one of the easiest cost-optimization tools. Working with a credible cashback platform secures stable payouts, accurate tracking, and dependable performance, turning cashback into a vital part of an efficient trading environment.

    Balas

  315. Do you have a spam problem on this blog; I also am a blogger, and I was wanting to know your situation; we have created some nice procedures and we are looking to swap solutions with others, be sure to shoot me an email if interested.

    Balas

  316. A person essentially help to make seriously articles I would state. This is the first time I frequented your website page and thus far? I surprised with the research you made to create this particular publish incredible. Wonderful job!

    Balas

  317. It is appropriate time to make some plans for the future and it’s time to be happy. I have read this put up and if I may I wish to counsel you some fascinating things or suggestions. Perhaps you can write next articles referring to this article. I desire to learn even more things approximately it!

    Balas

  318. Thanks so much for providing individuals with an extraordinarily breathtaking opportunity to read articles and blog posts from here. It’s usually very nice and also jam-packed with amusement for me personally and my office peers to search your blog at minimum 3 times in one week to see the newest tips you will have. And definitely, I’m always fulfilled concerning the very good strategies served by you. Selected 2 areas in this posting are clearly the very best I’ve ever had.

    Balas

  319. Hi my family member! I want to say that this post is amazing, nice written and include almost all important infos. I would like to see extra posts like this .

    Balas

  320. Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wished to mention that I have truly enjoyed surfing around your weblog posts. In any case I will be subscribing in your feed and I hope you write once more very soon!

    Balas

  321. Good day! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a collection of volunteers and starting a new initiative in a community in the same niche. Your blog provided us useful information to work on. You have done a wonderful job!

    Balas

  322. wonderful points altogether, you just gained a new reader. What would you recommend in regards to your post that you made some days ago? Any positive?

    Balas

  323. I am not certain where you’re getting your information, however great topic. I needs to spend a while learning much more or figuring out more. Thanks for magnificent information I used to be in search of this info for my mission.

    Balas

  326. Hi! I know this is kinda off topic nevertheless I’d figured I’d ask. Would you be interested in trading links or maybe guest writing a blog article or vice-versa? My blog covers a lot of the same topics as yours and I feel we could greatly benefit from each other. If you’re interested feel free to shoot me an e-mail. I look forward to hearing from you! Terrific blog by the way!

    Balas

  327. Hello there, You have done an incredible job. I’ll certainly digg it and in my view recommend to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this web site.

    Balas

  329. Hello, i think that i noticed you visited my web site so i came to “go back the desire”.I am attempting to to find things to enhance my web site!I suppose its good enough to make use of a few of your ideas!!

    Balas

  330. This is really attention-grabbing, You are an overly professional blogger. I have joined your rss feed and look ahead to in search of extra of your magnificent post. Additionally, I’ve shared your web site in my social networks!

    Balas

  331. Hi there! This is kind of off topic but I need some advice from an established blog. Is it tough to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. I’m thinking about creating my own but I’m not sure where to start. Do you have any points or suggestions? Appreciate it

    Balas

  333. I actually wanted to post a small remark in order to appreciate you for all the great techniques you are giving out here. My considerable internet investigation has now been compensated with really good know-how to write about with my colleagues. I ‘d assert that most of us readers actually are undeniably endowed to dwell in a fabulous network with many marvellous individuals with very helpful solutions. I feel somewhat privileged to have used the web site and look forward to many more amazing times reading here. Thank you once again for a lot of things.

    Balas

  334. **mitolyn**

    Mitolyn is a carefully developed, plant-based formula created to help support metabolic efficiency and encourage healthy, lasting weight management.

    Balas

  335. I have not checked in here for a while since I thought it was getting boring, but the last several posts are good quality so I guess I¦ll add you back to my everyday bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂

    Balas

  337. I would like to thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this web site. I am hoping the same high-grade web site post from you in the upcoming as well. Actually your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my own site now. Actually the blogging is spreading its wings fast. Your write up is a great example of it.

    Balas

  338. I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you create this website yourself? Plz reply back as I’m looking to create my own blog and would like to know wheere u got this from. thanks

    Balas

  340. hey there and thank you for your information – I’ve definitely picked up something new from right here. I did however expertise some technical issues using this website, as I experienced to reload the site a lot of times previous to I could get it to load properly. I had been wondering if your web host is OK? Not that I am complaining, but sluggish loading instances times will often affect your placement in google and can damage your high-quality score if advertising and marketing with Adwords. Anyway I’m adding this RSS to my e-mail and can look out for a lot more of your respective exciting content. Ensure that you update this again soon..

    Balas

  341. Hi there, i read your blog from time to time and i own a similar one and i was just curious if you get a lot of spam responses? If so how do you prevent it, any plugin or anything you can recommend? I get so much lately it’s driving me mad so any support is very much appreciated.

    Balas

  343. I intended to create you that tiny observation to finally give many thanks as before on your splendid principles you’ve documented in this case. It has been pretty generous of people like you to allow unhampered precisely what a number of people would’ve advertised as an e-book to earn some bucks for themselves, particularly now that you might well have tried it if you wanted. Those good tips likewise worked to be the fantastic way to fully grasp that other individuals have similar dream like my very own to understand whole lot more in respect of this issue. Certainly there are several more fun occasions up front for individuals that view your website.

    Balas

  347. Great site. A lot of helpful information here. I?¦m sending it to a few pals ans also sharing in delicious. And of course, thanks to your sweat!

    Balas

  348. Hi there, I discovered your website by way of Google even as looking for a related matter, your website came up, it appears great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.

    Balas

  349. Hmm is anyone else experiencing problems with the pictures on this blog loading? I’m trying to find out if its a problem on my end or if it’s the blog. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

    Balas

  351. I have been browsing on-line more than 3 hours as of late, but I never discovered any fascinating article like yours. It’s beautiful value enough for me. Personally, if all site owners and bloggers made excellent content as you did, the internet might be much more useful than ever before.

    Balas

  352. Do you have a spam problem on this website; I also am a blogger, and I was wanting to know your situation; many of us have created some nice practices and we are looking to trade strategies with other folks, be sure to shoot me an email if interested.

    Balas

  356. Hi there would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re using? I’m going to start my own blog in the near future but I’m having a difficult time choosing between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal. The reason I ask is because your design and style seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something completely unique. P.S My apologies for getting off-topic but I had to ask!

    Balas

  357. Fantastic blog! Do you have any helpful hints for aspiring writers? I’m planning to start my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m totally overwhelmed .. Any recommendations? Appreciate it!

    Balas

  358. Great site. Plenty of helpful info here. I¦m sending it to several friends ans also sharing in delicious. And naturally, thank you to your effort!

    Balas

  359. The next time I read a blog, I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, but I actually thought youd have something interesting to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you could fix if you werent too busy looking for attention.

    Balas

  361. Thank you, I’ve recently been searching for information about this subject for ages and yours is the best I have discovered so far. But, what about the conclusion? Are you sure about the source?

    Balas

  362. I loved as much as you’ll receive carried out right here. The sketch is tasteful, your authored material stylish. nonetheless, you command get got an impatience over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come more formerly again since exactly the same nearly a lot often inside case you shield this hike.

    Balas

  363. Thanks for sharing superb informations. Your web site is so cool. I am impressed by the details that you have on this website. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles. You, my pal, ROCK! I found just the information I already searched everywhere and simply couldn’t come across. What an ideal site.

    Balas

  364. Saya sering blogging dan saya sangat menghargai konten Anda. Artikel ini benar-benar menarik perhatian saya. Saya akan mem-bookmark situs Anda dan terus memeriksa informasi baru.

    Balas

  365. F*ckin’ amazing issues here. I am very satisfied to see your article. Thanks a lot and i’m having a look forward to contact you. Will you please drop me a mail?

    Balas

  370. Anda dapat pasti melihat antusiasme Anda di dalam pekerjaan yang Anda tulis. Sektor berharap ada lebih banyak lagi penulis penuh semangat seperti Anda yang tidak takut menyatakan apa yang mereka yakini. Selalu kejar hati Anda.

    Balas

  373. I’ve been exploring for a little bit for any high quality articles or weblog posts in this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I eventually stumbled upon this site. Studying this info So i’m glad to express that I have a very just right uncanny feeling I discovered exactly what I needed. I most no doubt will make sure to do not forget this web site and provides it a look regularly.

    Balas

  374. Hari ini, saat saya sedang bekerja, saudara perempuan saya mengambil iphone saya dan mengujinya apakah bisa bertahan dari jatuh setinggi empat puluh kaki, hanya agar dia bisa menjadi sensasi youtube. iPad saya sekarang rusak dan dia memiliki 83 penayangan. Saya tahu ini sangat di luar topik tetapi saya harus membagikannya kepada seseorang!

    Balas

  375. I was just searching for this information for some time. After six hours of continuous Googleing, at last I got it in your website. I wonder what’s the lack of Google strategy that do not rank this kind of informative websites in top of the list. Usually the top web sites are full of garbage.

    Balas

  376. Hai semua, Anda telah melakukan kerja yang fantastis. Saya tentu akan mem-bookmark ini dan kembali untuk melihat konten lainnya. Terima kasih!

    Balas

  377. Terima kasih untuk posting sangat baik tambahan. Di mana lagi seseorang dapat mendapatkan tipe info seperti itu dengan gaya penulisan yang sempurna? Saya punya presentasi minggu berikutnya, dan saya berada dalam pencarian informasi seperti ini.

    Balas

  378. Halo, saya sekadar ingin mengatakan bahwa saya sangat menyukai membaca postingan blog Anda. Ini adalah tepat jenis informasi yang sedang saya cari. Saya akan merekomendasikan ini kepada teman-teman. Terima kasih telah berbagi.

    Balas

  379. Ini adalah situs yang tepat untuk siapa saja yang ingin mencari tahu tentang topik ini. Anda memahami begitu banyak hal sehingga nyaris sulit untuk membantah dengan Anda (bukan berarti saya benar-benar ingin…HaHa). Anda benar-benar membawa sudut pandang baru pada topik yang telah ditulis selama bertahun-tahun. Luar biasa, benar-benar luar biasa!

    Balas

  381. Bersama dengan seluruhnya yang tampak sedang berkembang dalam topik ini, semua pandangan Anda adalah relatif menyegarkan. Walaupun begitu, saya minta maaf, karena saya tidak dapat setuju sepenuhnya pada keseluruhan teori Anda, meskipun menarik. Terlihat bagi saya bahwa ulasan Anda tidak sepenuhnya tervalidasi dan pada faktanya Anda diri Anda tidak benar-benar sepenuhnya percaya diri terhadap argumen tersebut. Dalam hal apa pun saya menikmati membacanya.

    Balas

  383. Terima kasih atas tulisan yang baik. Faktanya ini dulunya adalah sebuah akun hiburan. Terlihat maju menjadi lebih menyenangkan dari Anda! Ngomong-ngomong, bagaimana kita dapat tetap berkomunikasi?

    Balas

  384. Saya harus mengatakan, ini adalah salah satu posting terbaik yang yang pernah saya baca belakangan ini. Konten yang sangat membantu. Terima kasih telah berbagi.

    Balas

  385. Terima kasih untuk blog informatif tambahan. Di mana lagi saya bisa mendapatkan informasi seperti itu yang ditulis dengan pendekatan yang sempurna? Saya memiliki sebuah misi yang saya sedang kerjakan sekarang, dan saya sudah mencari informasi seperti ini.

    Balas

  386. Halo di sana, sekadar ingin mengatakan bahwa saya sangat menikmati membaca menelusuri postingan Anda. Saya tidak yakin mengapa tetapi saya merasa banyak wawasan yang sangat berguna. Terima kasih!

    Balas

  387. Wow! Blog ini terlihat tepat seperti blog lama saya! Topiknya sangat berbeda tetapi memiliki tata letak dan desain yang hampir sama. Pilihan yang sangat bagus!

    Balas

  389. Ini adalah blog yang benar untuk siapa saja yang ingin mengetahui tentang topik ini. Anda memahami begitu banyak hal sehingga hampir sulit untuk berdebat dengan Anda (bukan berarti saya benar-benar ingin…HaHa). Anda benar-benar memberikan pendekatan baru pada topik yang telah ditulis selama bertahun-tahun. Luar biasa, benar-benar luar biasa!

    Balas

  390. Ketika saya awalnya berkomentar saya mencentang kotak -Beri tahu saya ketika komentar baru ditambahkan- dan sekarang tiap kali sebuah komentar ditambahkan saya menerima empat email dengan pesan yang sama. Apakah ada metode Anda dapat menghapus saya dari layanan itu? Terima kasih!

    Balas

  392. Saya menghargainya, karena saya menemukan tepat apa yang saya cari. Anda telah mengakhiri pencarian saya selama empat hari! Tuhan memberkati Anda. Semoga hari menyenangkan. Bye

    Balas

  393. Ini adalah tips yang sangat baik, terutama bagi mereka yang baru di dunia blog, informasi yang singkat dan akurat… Terima kasih telah berbagi ini. Tulisan yang wajib dibaca.

    Balas

  396. Hi, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, fantastic blog!

    Balas

  398. Wow! Ini bisa jadi salah satu blog paling membantu yang pernah kami temui tentang topik ini. Sebenarnya Mengagumkan. Saya juga seorang spesialis dalam topik ini jadi saya dapat memahami kerja keras Anda.

    Balas

  399. Namun, terima kasih untuk poin yang hebat ini dan walaupun saya tidak benar-benar setuju sepenuhnya, saya menilai sudut pandang.

    Balas

Tinggalkan Balasan

Alamat email Anda tidak akan dipublikasikan. Ruas yang wajib ditandai *