Kasus yang menjerat Fandi Ramadhan tidak hanya harus dilihat dalam perspektif hukum nasional, tetapi juga dalam kerangka standar hukum maritim internasional yang telah disepakati komunitas global.
Pedoman terbaru yang dikembangkan oleh Joint ILO–IMO Tripartite Working Group ( IMO/ILO Guidelines for Fair Treatment of Detained Seafarers 2025 ) mengenai perlakuan terhadap pelaut yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana secara tegas menekankan bahwa pelaut merupakan kelompok pekerja yang memiliki kerentanan khusus dalam sistem hukum lintas negara. Oleh karena itu, negara pelabuhan (port state), negara pantai (coastal state), dan negara bendera kapal (flag state) diwajibkan menjamin perlakuan yang adil melalui:
- jaminan due process of law,
- proses investigasi yang cepat dan transparan, serta
- penggunaan alternatif non-penahanan (non-custodial measures) selama proses hukum berlangsung.
Pedoman ini lahir dari kenyataan global bahwa pelaut sering kali menjadi pihak pertama yang ditahan ketika terjadi dugaan kejahatan di laut, meskipun mereka tidak selalu memiliki kendali maupun pengetahuan atas peristiwa tersebut.
Dalam konteks perkara Fandi Ramadhan, prinsip-prinsip tersebut menjadi sangat relevan.
Sebagai ABK kamar mesin, posisi Fandi secara struktural berada jauh dari pengambilan keputusan terkait muatan kapal. Ia bukan pemilik kapal, bukan operator logistik, bukan pula pihak yang menentukan jenis kargo yang diangkut. Dalam sistem kerja pelayaran internasional, tanggung jawab terhadap muatan berada pada tingkat manajemen kapal dan komando navigasi, bukan pekerja teknis di ruang mesin.
Karena itu, standar IMO/ILO Guidelines for Fair Treatment of Detained Seafarers 2025 menuntut agar aparat penegak hukum tidak secara otomatis memperlakukan seluruh awak kapal sebagai pelaku utama. Setiap pelaut harus dinilai berdasarkan tingkat keterlibatan individual, bukan semata karena keberadaannya di atas kapal.
Lebih jauh, pedoman tersebut juga mengingatkan bahwa penahanan terhadap pelaut harus menjadi langkah terakhir (measure of last resort), bukan pendekatan default. Negara didorong untuk menggunakan alternatif non-penahanan selama proses hukum berlangsung, terutama ketika tidak terdapat risiko pelarian, penghilangan barang bukti, atau peran sentral dalam kejahatan.
Jika prinsip ini diterapkan secara konsisten, maka pendekatan terhadap Fandi Ramadhan seharusnya berangkat dari pertanyaan mendasar:
apakah terdapat bukti bahwa ia memiliki pengetahuan, kendali, atau niat atas dugaan penyelundupan tersebut?
Tanpa pembuktian yang jelas mengenai unsur tersebut, memperlakukan seorang pelaut muda sebagai pelaku utama justru bertentangan dengan semangat pedoman internasional yang disusun bersama oleh Organisasi Perburuhan Internasional (ILO) dan Organisasi Maritim Internasional (IMO).
Kasus ini menjadi penting bukan hanya bagi nasib satu orang pelaut, tetapi juga bagi reputasi Indonesia sebagai negara maritim yang menghormati standar perlindungan pelaut internasional.
Mengabaikan prinsip fair treatment terhadap pelaut berisiko menciptakan preseden berbahaya: bahwa awak kapal dapat dengan mudah menjadi pihak yang menanggung seluruh konsekuensi hukum dari kejahatan transnasional yang berada di luar kendali mereka.
Sebaliknya, menerapkan pedoman IMO/ILO Guidelines for Fair Treatment of Detained Seafarers 2025 secara konsisten akan menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia mampu memerangi narkotika tanpa meninggalkan prinsip keadilan, proporsionalitas, dan perlindungan terhadap pekerja maritim.
Karena pada akhirnya, perang terhadap kejahatan tidak boleh mengorbankan prinsip dasar hukum itu sendiri: setiap orang diadili berdasarkan perannya, bukan berdasarkan posisinya sebagai pihak yang paling mudah disalahkan.
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