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KESEJAHTERAAN AWAK KAPAL SEBAGAI KOMPONEN KELAIKLAUTAN KAPAL: PENEGASAN, KETIDAKJELASAN IMPLEMENTASI, DAN KEWAJIBAN HUKUM NEGARA

06/08/2025
Syofyan El Comandante

1. Landasan Hukum: Kesejahteraan Awak Kapal sebagai Syarat Laik Laut

Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 66 Tahun 2024 secara eksplisit menyebutkan bahwa:

Pasal 117 ayat (2): Kelaiklautan kapal meliputi pemenuhan terhadap persyaratan:
(e) kesejahteraan awak kapal dan kesehatan penumpang.

Sementara itu, definisi konkret mengenai “kesejahteraan awak kapal” dimuat dalam:

Pasal 151 ayat (1):
Setiap awak kapal berhak mendapatkan kesejahteraan yang meliputi:
a. gaji;
b. jam kerja dan jam istirahat;
c. jaminan pemberangkatan ke tempat tujuan dan pemulangan ke tempat asal;
d. kompensasi apabila kapal tidak dapat beroperasi karena mengalami kecelakaan;
e. kesempatan mengembangkan karier;
f. pemberian akomodasi, fasilitas rekreasi, makanan atau minuman; dan
g. pemeliharaan dan perawatan kesehatan serta pemberian asuransi kecelakaan kerja.

Berdasarkan dua ketentuan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesejahteraan awak kapal bukanlah konsep abstrak, melainkan sebuah elemen konkret dan terukur yang menyangkut upah, jam kerja, jaminan sosial, fasilitas di atas kapal, dan kompensasi saat risiko kerja terjadi.

2. Masalah: Ketidaksesuaian Antara Norma dan Praktik

Meskipun secara normatif sudah diatur, di lapangan implementasi kesejahteraan awak kapal sangat lemah, antara lain:

  • Masih banyak awak kapal Indonesia digaji di bawah Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP);
  • Awak kapal tidak didaftarkan ke dalam program jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan);
  • Belum ada mekanisme pemeriksaan aspek kesejahteraan awak kapal sebagai bagian dari pemeriksaan laik laut;
  • Surat Edaran Dirjen Perhubungan Laut tentang pengawasan upah minimal dan perlindungan awak kapal belum memiliki kekuatan mengikat yang cukup, serta tidak disertai mekanisme sanksi administratif atau pidana.

3. Dampak Hukum: Jika Kesejahteraan Awak Kapal Tidak Dipenuhi, Maka Kapal Tidak Laik Laut

Dengan mengacu pada Pasal 117 ayat (2), maka:

Jika kapal tidak memenuhi unsur kesejahteraan awak kapal sebagaimana Pasal 151, maka kapal tersebut secara hukum tidak laik laut.

Kondisi ini memiliki implikasi hukum yang serius, yaitu:

  • Kapal tidak memenuhi syarat teknis untuk memperoleh Sertifikat Kelaiklautan;
  • Seharusnya kapal tidak boleh diberi SPB (Surat Persetujuan Berlayar) oleh syahbandar;
  • Jika kapal tetap diberangkatkan, maka dapat dianggap melanggar hukum.

4. Tanggung Jawab Nakhoda Jika Melayarkan Kapal yang Tidak Laik Laut

Pasal 302 UU Pelayaran menyatakan:
“Nakhoda yang melayarkan kapalnya sedangkan yang bersangkutan mengetahui bahwa kapal tersebut tidak laik laut sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 117 ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp400.000.000,00 (empat ratus juta rupiah)”.

Jika kapal berlayar dalam kondisi tidak memenuhi syarat laik laut, termasuk dari aspek kesejahteraan awak kapal, maka:

  • Nakhoda dapat dikenai sanksi pidana karena dianggap mengabaikan tanggung jawab keselamatan;
  • Namun demikian, perlu dibedakan antara kesalahan pribadi dan tekanan struktural (misalnya: nakhoda terpaksa menjalankan perintah perusahaan);
  • Oleh karena itu, bukan hanya nakhoda yang harus dimintai pertanggungjawaban, tetapi juga pemilik kapal dan syahbandar.

5. Tanggung Jawab Syahbandar dalam Proses SPB

Pasal 219 UU Pelayaran:
“Setiap kapal yang berlayar wajib memiliki Surat Persetujuan Berlayar yang dikeluarkan oleh Syahbandar”. Dan “Syahbandar dapat menunda keberangkatan kapal untuk berlayar karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan kelaiklautan kapal atau pertimbangan cuaca”.

Jika syahbandar menerbitkan SPB padahal:

  • Awak kapal tidak mendapat gaji sesuai UMP,
  • Tidak mendapat jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan,
  • Perjanjian kerja laut (PKL) tidak mencantumkan standar kesejahteraan minimum,

Maka syahbandar dapat dianggap melakukan kelalaian administratif atau menyalahgunakan wewenang, karena tidak melaksanakan fungsi pengawasan laik laut secara menyeluruh.

6. Relevansi dengan Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006

Indonesia telah meratifikasi MLC 2006 melalui UU No. 15 Tahun 2016, yang antara lain mengatur:

  • Standar minimum upah awak kapal (Regulasi 2.2),
  • Jam kerja dan istirahat (Regulasi 2.3),
  • Akomodasi, makanan, dan fasilitas rekreasi (Regulasi 3.1–3.2),
  • Perlindungan asuransi sosial (Regulasi 4.5).

Sebagai negara pihak MLC, Indonesia wajib menyelaraskan peraturan nasional, termasuk UU Pelayaran, dengan norma-norma MLC. Maka penolakan pengusaha kapal untuk mendaftarkan awak ke BPJS Ketenagakerjaan adalah bentuk pelanggaran internasional.

7. Kesimpulan dan Rekomendasi

Kesimpulan:

  • Kesejahteraan awak kapal adalah bagian integral dari kelaiklautan kapal sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 117 ayat (2) UU Pelayaran.
  • Ketika kesejahteraan awak kapal tidak dipenuhi, maka kapal tidak laik laut.
  • Nakhoda dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana (Pasal 302), namun tanggung jawab utama tetap ada pada pemilik kapal dan syahbandar.
  • Saat ini terdapat kekosongan atau kelemahan dalam pengaturan teknis dan pengawasan implementasi dari aspek kesejahteraan sebagai komponen laik laut.

Rekomendasi:

  1. Kementerian Perhubungan harus segera menerbitkan Peraturan Menteri yang merinci indikator teknis kesejahteraan awak kapal sebagai syarat laik laut.
  2. Sertifikat Kelaiklautan dan SPB tidak boleh diterbitkan jika:
    • Awak kapal dibayar di bawah UMP;
    • Tidak memiliki jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan;
    • PKL tidak memuat ketentuan asuransi, jam kerja, dan kompensasi.
  3. Syahbandar wajib melakukan audit dokumen awak kapal, termasuk upah dan jaminan sosial, sebagai bagian dari pengawasan laik laut.
  4. Serikat pekerja pelaut perlu mendorong pembentukan mekanisme pengaduan dan monitoring publik terhadap kapal-kapal yang tidak laik laut dari aspek ketenagakerjaan.
  5. Harmonisasi  UU Pelayaran dengan UU Ketenagakerjaan dan MLC 2006 harus dilakukan untuk menjamin integrasi antara perlindungan kerja dan keselamatan pelayaran.

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