Sebagai organisasi yang memperjuangkan hak-hak awak kapal di Indonesia, Serikat Pekerja SAKTI kembali mendesak Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut untuk segera menetapkan upah minimum awak kapal secara nasional. Langkah ini menjadi mendesak setelah sejumlah perkembangan hukum memberikan landasan kuat bagi perlindungan hak-hak awak kapal, termasuk sistem pengupahan yang lebih adil dan sesuai dengan karakteristik sektor maritim.
Latar Belakang Desakan Penetapan Upah Minimum Nasional
- Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terkait UU Cipta Kerja
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) yang menganulir beberapa pasal dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja mengembalikan pengaturan sistem upah sektoral. Artinya, sektor-sektor spesifik seperti maritim memiliki peluang besar untuk menetapkan upah minimum sektoral yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan industri. - Perubahan UU Pelayaran Menjadi UU Nomor 66 Tahun 2024
Undang-Undang Nomor 66 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Ketiga Undang-Undang Pelayaran memberikan landasan hukum yang lebih tegas terkait pengaturan ketenagakerjaan di sektor maritim. Dalam penjelasan Pasal 337 UU tersebut, disebutkan bahwa pengaturan ketenagakerjaan di bidang pelayaran berlaku secara umum bagi seluruh pekerja, kecuali awak kapal.
Untuk awak kapal, sistem ketenagakerjaan, termasuk upah, mengacu pada:- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD).
- Konvensi Tenaga Kerja Maritim 2006 (Maritime Labour Convention/MLC 2006).
- Peraturan pelayaran lainnya.
Namun, realitanya, standar upah minimum bagi awak kapal sering kali mengacu pada Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) atau Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota (UMK). Hal ini menimbulkan ketidakadilan, mengingat kompleksitas dan risiko kerja awak kapal yang jauh lebih tinggi dibanding pekerja di sektor darat.
Ketimpangan dalam Sistem Upah Minimum Awak Kapal
- Perbedaan dengan Pekerja Sektor Lain
Penggunaan UMP atau UMK sebagai acuan upah minimum bagi awak kapal mengabaikan sifat kerja awak kapal yang:- Memiliki jam kerja tidak menentu, termasuk kerja di malam hari dan hari libur.
- Melibatkan risiko kerja tinggi, seperti kondisi cuaca ekstrem, potensi kecelakaan, dan paparan bahaya kesehatan.
- Tidak Sesuai dengan Mandat Regulasi Maritim
Konvensi Tenaga Kerja Maritim 2006 (MLC 2006), yang telah diratifikasi Indonesia melalui UU Nomor 15 Tahun 2016, secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa awak kapal berhak atas pengupahan yang adil, dengan mempertimbangkan:- Standar internasional.
- Kesejahteraan pekerja dan keluarga mereka.
Namun, hingga saat ini, belum ada ketentuan spesifik di tingkat nasional yang menetapkan standar upah minimum untuk awak kapal sesuai mandat MLC 2006.
Dampak Ketidakhadiran Upah Minimum Nasional bagi Awak Kapal
- Kerentanan Ekonomi
Banyak awak kapal di Indonesia menerima upah yang tidak layak, bahkan di bawah garis kesejahteraan, akibat acuan UMP/UMK. Hal ini berdampak pada:- Rendahnya daya beli pekerja.
- Ketidakmampuan memenuhi kebutuhan dasar keluarga.
- Persaingan Tidak Sehat dalam Industri Pelayaran
Ketidakhadiran upah minimum nasional memicu praktik eksploitasi oleh perusahaan pelayaran yang hanya mengejar efisiensi biaya tenaga kerja. Ini menyebabkan persaingan tidak sehat di antara perusahaan pelayaran nasional. - Peningkatan Risiko Pergolakan Sosial
Ketidakpuasan akibat upah yang tidak layak berpotensi memicu perselisihan hubungan industrial, mogok kerja, atau bahkan aksi protes besar-besaran.
Peluang dan Rekomendasi
Serikat Pekerja SAKTI menilai bahwa pemerintah, melalui Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut, memiliki peluang besar untuk segera menetapkan upah minimum nasional bagi awak kapal. Berikut adalah beberapa langkah strategis yang dapat diambil:
- Penyelarasan dengan Regulasi Internasional
- Pemerintah perlu mengacu pada MLC 2006 dalam menetapkan standar upah minimum awak kapal.
- Standar tersebut harus mempertimbangkan faktor risiko kerja dan kesejahteraan pekerja secara menyeluruh.
- Revisi Kebijakan Nasional
- UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia dan PP Nomor 22 Tahun 2022 perlu memasukkan UU Nomor 15 Tahun 2016 sebagai konsideran hukum untuk mengatur sistem pengupahan yang sesuai.
- Regulasi pelayaran harus tegas mengatur bahwa UMP/UMK tidak dapat menjadi acuan tunggal dalam menentukan upah awak kapal.
- Dialog Tripartit
- Libatkan serikat pekerja, pengusaha, dan pemerintah dalam forum tripartit untuk merumuskan kebijakan pengupahan yang adil bagi awak kapal.
- Penguatan Pengawasan
- Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut perlu meningkatkan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan perjanjian kerja laut (PKL) dan memastikan upah yang diterima awak kapal sesuai dengan regulasi.
Kesimpulan
Penetapan upah minimum nasional untuk awak kapal adalah langkah krusial untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan pekerja di sektor maritim sekaligus memperkuat daya saing industri pelayaran Indonesia. Pemerintah, khususnya Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut, harus segera bertindak untuk menuntaskan persoalan ini.
Dengan adanya upah minimum yang layak, Indonesia tidak hanya akan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap pekerja maritim, tetapi juga menunjukkan komitmen nyata dalam mematuhi regulasi internasional, termasuk Konvensi Tenaga Kerja Maritim 2006. Hal ini akan memberikan dampak positif jangka panjang bagi pengembangan industri pelayaran nasional dan kesejahteraan pekerja pelaut.
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