Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) telah menegaskan bahwa awak kapal niaga dan awak kapal perikanan adalah bagian dari Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. Namun, hingga kini, masih terlihat tarik-menarik kewenangan antara Kementerian Perhubungan (Kemenhub) dan Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan (Kemnaker) maupun Kementerian Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (KPPMI) dalam tata kelola penempatan dan perlindungan awak kapal migran.
Ketidakjelasan pembagian peran ini berpotensi menghambat efektivitas perlindungan bagi awak kapal migran Indonesia. Padahal, jika kedua kementerian dapat bekerja sama dan berbagi kewenangan, sistem tata kelola ketenagakerjaan awak kapal bisa menjadi lebih harmonis dan efektif.
Kesenjangan dalam Tata Kelola Penempatan Awak Kapal Migran
Sejak MK memutuskan bahwa awak kapal termasuk dalam kategori Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI), muncul harapan bahwa Kemnaker dan KPPMI akan diberikan wewenang penuh dalam tata kelola ketenagakerjaan mereka, termasuk dalam aspek perlindungan, kesejahteraan, dan penempatan.
Namun, dalam praktiknya, Kemenhub masih tampak enggan menyerahkan sebagian kewenangannya kepada Kemnaker/KPPMI, terutama dalam aspek tata kelola penempatan awak kapal migran. Padahal, jika kedua kementerian ini bisa bersinergi, pembagian tugas dapat berjalan lebih harmonis:
- Kementerian Perhubungan (Kemenhub) tetap memiliki kewenangan penuh dalam aspek teknis pelayaran, termasuk:
- Pelatihan dan sertifikasi pelaut
- Penerbitan dan penyijilan Buku Pelaut
- Sertifikasi kompetensi pelaut sebagai bagian dari administrasi IMO di Indonesia
- Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan (Kemnaker) atau KPPMI berwenang dalam aspek perlindungan ketenagakerjaan awak kapal, seperti:
- Jaminan sosial tenaga kerja
- Perlindungan hak-hak ketenagakerjaan awak kapal
- Pengawasan ketenagakerjaan dan penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial
Dengan pembagian peran yang jelas, masing-masing kementerian bisa fokus pada bidangnya dan tidak terjadi tumpang-tindih regulasi yang dapat merugikan awak kapal migran.
Pentingnya Buku Pelaut sebagai Rekam Jejak Karier Awak Kapal
Salah satu kewenangan yang tetap berada di tangan Kemenhub adalah penerbitan dan penyijilan Buku Pelaut. Buku Pelaut bukan sekadar dokumen identitas bagi awak kapal, tetapi juga merupakan catatan rekam jejak pengalaman kerja mereka.
Bagi seorang pelaut, Buku Pelaut sangat penting karena mencatat pengalaman dan masa kerja mereka di atas kapal, yang akan menjadi syarat utama untuk peningkatan jenjang pendidikan atau upgrading sertifikat mereka. Tanpa Buku Pelaut, seorang awak kapal akan kesulitan mendapatkan pengakuan atas pengalaman kerjanya dan akan terhambat dalam kariernya.
Oleh karena itu, sistem penyijilan Buku Pelaut harus tetap berada di bawah pengelolaan Kemenhub sebagai bagian dari administrasi maritim yang terhubung dengan International Maritime Organization (IMO). Namun, hal ini tidak boleh menjadi alasan bagi Kemenhub untuk mempertahankan kendali penuh atas tata kelola ketenagakerjaan awak kapal, karena aspek kesejahteraan dan perlindungan tenaga kerja tetap berada di ranah Kemnaker/KPPMI.
Sinergi yang Diperlukan untuk Perlindungan Awak Kapal
Keengganan Kemenhub untuk berbagi kewenangan dengan Kemnaker/KPPMI menunjukkan masih kuatnya ego sektoral dalam birokrasi Indonesia. Padahal, dalam konteks perlindungan tenaga kerja, pendekatan yang lebih kolaboratif akan jauh lebih bermanfaat bagi pekerja.
Agar sistem tata kelola awak kapal migran lebih efektif, berikut beberapa langkah yang perlu segera dilakukan oleh pemerintah:
- Penguatan Regulasi yang Lebih Sinkron
- Dalam revisi UU No. 18 Tahun 2017 maupun peraturan turunannya, harus ada kejelasan mengenai peran masing-masing kementerian dalam tata kelola ketenagakerjaan awak kapal migran.
- UU No. 15 Tahun 2016 tentang Ratifikasi Konvensi Tenaga Kerja Maritim 2006 (MLC 2006) harus dimasukkan sebagai konsideran dalam peraturan terkait pelindungan awak kapal.
- Koordinasi Antar Kementerian
- Dibentuk mekanisme koordinasi yang lebih erat antara Kemenhub, Kemnaker/KPPMI, serta Kementerian Luar Negeri untuk memastikan sistem pengawasan dan perlindungan tenaga kerja awak kapal migran lebih efektif.
- Dibentuk satuan tugas (Satgas) lintas kementerian yang bertanggung jawab atas implementasi kebijakan dan pengawasan terkait awak kapal migran.
- Peningkatan Pengawasan dan Perlindungan
- Kemnaker/KPPMI harus lebih aktif dalam memberikan perlindungan dan jaminan sosial bagi awak kapal migran, baik sebelum keberangkatan, saat bekerja, maupun setelah kembali ke tanah air.
- Sistem pengaduan harus diperkuat agar awak kapal migran dapat melaporkan pelanggaran ketenagakerjaan dengan lebih mudah dan mendapatkan solusi yang cepat.
Kesimpulan
Tata kelola awak kapal migran di Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan besar akibat tarik-menarik kewenangan antara Kemenhub dan Kemnaker/KPPMI. Jika tidak segera diselesaikan, ketidakjelasan ini akan terus menghambat efektivitas perlindungan bagi awak kapal migran dan berpotensi meningkatkan eksploitasi tenaga kerja di sektor maritim.
Langkah terbaik yang bisa diambil pemerintah adalah membangun sinergi yang lebih harmonis antara Kemenhub dan Kemnaker/KPPMI, di mana Kemenhub tetap menangani aspek pelatihan dan sertifikasi teknis, sementara Kemnaker/KPPMI bertanggung jawab atas aspek ketenagakerjaan dan perlindungan tenaga kerja.
Keberpihakan terhadap pekerja harus menjadi prioritas utama dalam setiap kebijakan ketenagakerjaan, termasuk bagi awak kapal migran. Jika pemerintah benar-benar ingin melindungi pekerja maritim, maka sudah saatnya ego sektoral dikesampingkan demi kepentingan yang lebih besar: kesejahteraan awak kapal Indonesia.
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