Alih-alih memperbaiki kekacauan regulasi ketenagakerjaan awak kapal, pembentuk undang-undang justru menciptakan kekosongan hukum baru melalui perubahan ketiga Undang-Undang Pelayaran menjadi Undang-Undang Nomor 66 Tahun 2024. Salah satu pasal kunci yang menjadi sorotan adalah Pasal 337 ayat (2), yang menyatakan:
“Pengaturan mengenai kepelautan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang ini.”
Jika ditelaah lebih lanjut, ketentuan ini tidak memperbaiki problem normatif yang selama ini membingungkan antara relasi ketenagakerjaan umum dengan hubungan kerja awak kapal. Bahkan, pasal tersebut dapat dinilai sebagai bentuk penyelundupan hukum , karena secara implisit mencegah keberlakuan norma-norma dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, berikut peraturan pelaksananya seperti PP 35 Tahun 2021, untuk diterapkan kepada awak kapal.
Kekosongan Hukum: Masih Mengandalkan PP 7 Tahun 2000
Saat ini, pengaturan teknis tentang Perjanjian Kerja Laut (PKL), pengupahan, pemutusan hubungan kerja, hingga kompensasi masih mengandalkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 2000, yang merupakan turunan dari UU Pelayaran No. 21 Tahun 1992 — undang-undang yang telah dicabut dan tidak lagi berlaku. Namun ironisnya, PP tersebut belum dicabut atau diperbaharui hingga hari ini. Akibatnya, pengaturan ketenagakerjaan awak kapal bertumpu pada norma turunan dari regulasi induk yang sudah tidak eksis. Ini menciptakan sebuah vacuum of norms, situasi di mana hak-hak dasar pelaut dibiarkan mengambang tanpa jaminan perlindungan hukum yang kuat.
Dominasi Ego Sektoral dan Pengingkaran Hak Normatif
Pasal 337 ayat (2) semakin memperkuat ego sektoral Kementerian Perhubungan, yang sejak awal menolak keterlibatan Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan dalam pengaturan hubungan industrial awak kapal. Padahal, sesuai amanat Pasal 337 UU No. 17 Tahun 2008 sebelum diubah, disebutkan bahwa:
“Ketentuan mengenai ketenagakerjaan awak kapal diatur lebih lanjut oleh Menteri yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang ketenagakerjaan.”
Namun, sejak 2008 hingga 2024, tidak pernah ada satu pun Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan yang diterbitkan untuk mengatur ketenagakerjaan awak kapal. Kini, dengan perubahan Pasal 337 tersebut, peluang perbaikan dari sisi ketenagakerjaan justru dihilangkan secara sistematis.
Peran Mahkamah Agung dan Harapan Baru melalui SEMA No. 2 Tahun 2024
Di tengah ketidakjelasan tersebut, Mahkamah Agung menunjukkan sikap progresif dan arif dengan menerbitkan Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA) No. 2 Tahun 2024. Dalam surat tersebut ditegaskan bahwa:
“Dalam hal tidak diatur secara khusus dalam Undang-Undang Pelayaran, maka hubungan ketenagakerjaan awak kapal tetap tunduk pada ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan.”
SEMA ini menjadi penegas prinsip lex generalis dan lex specialis secara proporsional. Dimana, jika tidak ada norma dalam KUHD, UU Pelayaran, dan aturan turunannya, maka ketentuan dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan dapat diberlakukan untuk menjamin hak-hak dasar pekerja awak kapal.
Kesimpulan dan Rekomendasi
- Pasal 337 ayat (2) UU No. 66 Tahun 2024 merupakan bentuk regresi legislasi yang berpotensi meniadakan perlindungan ketenagakerjaan bagi awak kapal. Ia bertentangan secara semangat dengan prinsip pelindungan tenaga kerja yang diamanatkan Konstitusi dan UU Ketenagakerjaan.
- Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 2000 sudah tidak relevan secara hierarki maupun substansi hukum, karena menjadi turunan dari UU Pelayaran 1992 yang telah dicabut. Perlu segera dibuat peraturan baru yang harmonis dengan UU No. 66 Tahun 2024 dan UU Ketenagakerjaan.
- SEMA No. 2 Tahun 2024 patut diapresiasi dan dijadikan dasar utama dalam penyelesaian sengketa ketenagakerjaan awak kapal di pengadilan hubungan industrial, untuk menghindari kekosongan hukum dan pelanggaran hak pekerja.
- Pemerintah harus segera merevisi aturan pelaksana di sektor pelayaran, termasuk menerbitkan PP baru atau Permenaker yang secara eksplisit mengatur hak-hak normatif awak kapal seperti jam kerja, PHK, cuti, jaminan sosial, kompensasi, dan penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial.
- Koordinasi antar kementerian (Perhubungan dan Ketenagakerjaan) harus ditingkatkan dan dilembagakan, agar tidak terjadi dualisme atau justru saling lempar tanggung jawab dalam perlindungan awak kapal Indonesia.
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