Pada Desember 2024, Mahkamah Agung Indonesia menerbitkan Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA) No. 02 Tahun 2024 yang memberikan petunjuk penting terkait penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial antara awak kapal dan pengusaha kapal. Salah satu hal yang menjadi fokus utama dalam SEMA ini adalah ketidakjelasan aturan yang mengatur hak-hak awak kapal sebagai pekerja, terutama terkait dengan perbedaan antara regulasi khusus (UU Pelayaran dan KUHD) dan aturan umum dalam ketenagakerjaan.
Azas Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generalis: Pengaturan Khusus Mengesampingkan Pengaturan Umum
SEMA No. 02 Tahun 2024 menegaskan bahwa jika terjadi perselisihan hubungan industrial awak kapal dengan pengusaha kapal, maka penyelesaiannya harus berpedoman pada Perjanjian Kerja Laut (PKL) yang mengacu pada Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD) dan Undang-Undang Pelayaran. Namun, jika dalam pengaturan tersebut tidak ada ketentuan yang jelas, maka peraturan yang berlaku adalah ketentuan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih umum.
Hal ini sejalan dengan prinsip lex specialis derogat legi generali, yang mengartikan bahwa peraturan yang bersifat khusus akan mengesampingkan aturan yang bersifat umum. Dalam hal ini, jika pengaturan khusus tentang hubungan industrial awak kapal tidak ada dalam UU Pelayaran atau KUHD, maka ketentuan umum ketenagakerjaan akan menjadi acuan.
Namun, hal ini menciptakan kebingungan dan tantangan tersendiri, terutama dalam implementasinya di lapangan. Banyak perusahaan pelayaran berpendapat bahwa jika sesuatu tidak diatur dalam UU Pelayaran atau KUHD, mereka dapat mengabaikan hak-hak awak kapal yang seharusnya dilindungi oleh peraturan ketenagakerjaan.
Kondisi Terkini: Pengabaian Hak-hak Awak Kapal sebagai Pekerja
Fenomena ini mencuat seiring dengan praktik di lapangan di mana banyak perusahaan pelayaran yang enggan memenuhi hak-hak awak kapal sebagai pekerja/buruh. Beberapa perusahaan menganggap bahwa jika hak-hak tersebut tidak diatur dalam UU Pelayaran atau KUHD, mereka tidak perlu memperhatikan ketentuan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih umum.
Akibatnya, banyak awak kapal yang menghadapi kesulitan dalam memperoleh hak-hak dasar mereka, seperti upah yang layak, jaminan sosial, dan perlindungan keselamatan kerja. Seringkali, hak-hak ini terabaikan karena tidak ada pengaturan yang spesifik dalam peraturan pelayaran mengenai aspek-aspek ketenagakerjaan tersebut.
Peran SEMA No. 02 Tahun 2024 dalam Penyelesaian Perselisihan
SEMA No. 02 Tahun 2024 menjadi penting dalam memberikan pedoman yang lebih jelas mengenai penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial di sektor pelayaran. Mahkamah Agung, melalui surat edaran ini, menekankan bahwa meskipun hubungan antara awak kapal dan pengusaha kapal dilindungi oleh peraturan khusus dalam sektor pelayaran, jika tidak ada ketentuan yang memadai, maka aturan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih umum harus dijadikan dasar penyelesaian.
Hal ini dapat menjadi pintu masuk untuk memperkuat perlindungan hak-hak awak kapal. Dengan merujuk pada ketentuan ketenagakerjaan, awak kapal yang bekerja di sektor pelayaran dapat memperoleh hak-hak yang lebih jelas dan lebih terjamin, seperti hak atas upah yang layak, tunjangan, jaminan kesehatan, serta perlindungan keselamatan dan keamanan kerja.
Tantangan yang Dihadapi oleh Pengusaha Kapal
Di sisi lain, bagi pengusaha kapal, penerapan ketentuan ketenagakerjaan dalam hubungan industrial dengan awak kapal bukanlah hal yang sederhana. Banyak pengusaha pelayaran yang berpendapat bahwa ketentuan dalam undang-undang pelayaran sudah cukup mengatur hak dan kewajiban mereka terhadap awak kapal, tanpa perlu mengacu pada aturan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih luas. Dalam praktiknya, pengusaha kapal sering kali memilih untuk mengabaikan hak-hak pekerja berdasarkan ketentuan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih umum, dengan alasan tidak adanya ketentuan yang spesifik dalam UU Pelayaran.
Namun, sikap ini bisa berisiko jika terjadi perselisihan yang melibatkan hak-hak pekerja. Sebab, dengan adanya pedoman SEMA No. 02 Tahun 2024, Mahkamah Agung jelas menekankan pentingnya memperhatikan aturan ketenagakerjaan, jika ketentuan khusus dalam sektor pelayaran tidak mencakup seluruh hak-hak pekerja yang diatur oleh undang-undang.
Pentingnya Penyelarasan Regulasi untuk Perlindungan Hak Awak Kapal
Salah satu solusi yang bisa diambil untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah dengan melakukan penyelarasan dan penguatan regulasi yang mengatur hubungan industrial antara awak kapal dan pengusaha kapal. Pengaturan yang jelas dan rinci mengenai hak-hak awak kapal sebagai pekerja dalam sektor pelayaran perlu dipastikan ada, baik dalam UU Pelayaran, KUHD, maupun dalam peraturan ketenagakerjaan.
Selain itu, keberadaan Perjanjian Kerja Laut (PKL) yang mencakup hak-hak pekerja secara lebih komprehensif akan sangat membantu dalam memperjelas posisi hukum awak kapal dan menghindari penafsiran yang ambigu.
Kesimpulan
SEMA No. 02 Tahun 2024 memberikan landasan hukum yang lebih jelas dalam menyelesaikan perselisihan hubungan industrial antara awak kapal dan pengusaha kapal. Namun, tantangan utama tetap terletak pada penerapan prinsip lex specialis derogat legi generalis, yang sering kali menimbulkan kebingungannya, terutama bagi perusahaan pelayaran yang belum sepenuhnya memahami bagaimana aturan ketenagakerjaan harus diterapkan ketika tidak ada ketentuan yang jelas dalam regulasi khusus.
Dengan demikian, penting untuk segera meninjau dan menguatkan regulasi terkait hubungan industrial di sektor pelayaran, agar hak-hak awak kapal sebagai pekerja dapat lebih terjamin dan terlindungi. Penyelarasan antara regulasi pelayaran dan ketenagakerjaan, serta penegakan hukum yang konsisten, akan menjadi langkah penting dalam memastikan keadilan bagi awak kapal di Indonesia.
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